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|
Variable
|
MDADI (Mean ± SD)
|
|---|
|
All questions
|
Composite mean
|
Global
|
Emotional
|
Functional
|
Physical
|
|---|
|
Sex
|
|
Male
|
56.3 ± 18.5
|
56.3 ± 16.6
|
47.6 ± 25.1
|
58.7 ± 18.9
|
61.2 ± 17.6
|
52.6 ± 21.3
|
|
Female
|
49.8 ± 14.4
|
49.7 ± 14.3
|
40.8 ± 19.9
|
54.3 ± 15.3
|
53.6 ± 16.8
|
45.7 ± 15.9
|
|
P
|
0.054
|
0.036
|
0.139
|
0.204
|
0.030
|
0.069
|
|
Age in years
|
|
18–43
|
50.7 ± 16.0
|
51.6 ± 14.9
|
41.8 ± 22.6
|
53.7 ± 17.1
|
55.3 ± 17.7
|
47.1 ± 17.8
|
|
Above 43
|
56.5 ± 17.7
|
55.3 ± 16.8
|
47.8 ± 23.3
|
60.2 ± 17.3
|
60.5 ± 17.0
|
52.3 ± 20.7
|
|
P
|
0.086
|
0.241
|
0.189
|
0.060
|
0.140
|
0.169
|
|
Marital status
|
|
Living alone
|
55.4 ± 16.8
|
54.7 ± 15.5
|
47.8 ± 24.4
|
58.9 ± 17.3
|
59.3 ± 16.8
|
51.5 ± 19.1
|
|
Living with partner
|
50.4 ± 16.9
|
51.4 ± 16.3
|
40.0 ± 20.5
|
53.6 ± 17.4
|
55.5 ± 18.5
|
46.6 ± 19.4
|
|
P
|
0.141
|
0.301
|
0.091
|
0.130
|
0.292
|
0.210
|
|
Level of education
|
|
No formal education
|
52.7 ± 14.7
|
53.3 ± 13.6
|
44.7 ± 20.3
|
55.2 ± 15.6
|
56.0 ± 15.0
|
49.8 ± 16.8
|
|
Primary
|
50.6 ± 14.8
|
50.4 ± 13.9
|
39.2 ± 20.8
|
53.9 ± 15.8
|
53.2 ± 17.0
|
48.0 ± 16.5
|
|
Secondary
|
54.1 ± 22.5
|
52.9 ± 21.2
|
50.0 ± 28.5
|
57.2 ± 21.5
|
60.7 ± 20.1
|
48.1 ± 25.7
|
|
Higher
|
56.2 ± 17.8
|
56.3 ± 16.5
|
45.4 ± 24.4
|
60.6 ± 18.3
|
62.0 ± 18.8
|
51.3 ± 20.5
|
|
P
|
0.705
|
0.630
|
0.508
|
0.534
|
0.263
|
0.929
|
|
Employment status
|
|
Employeda
|
54.8 ± 17.6
|
54.4 ± 16.6
|
46.9 ± 24.5
|
58.0 ± 17.9
|
59.3 ± 17.6
|
50.8 ± 20.4
|
|
Unemployed
|
49.9 ± 14.9
|
50.6 ± 13.7
|
38.7 ± 18.1
|
53.3 ± 15.9
|
53.9 ± 17.1
|
46.3 ± 16.1
|
|
P
|
0.187
|
0.263
|
0.098
|
0.219
|
0.157
|
0.283
|
|
Place of residence
|
|
Addis Ababa
|
48.8 ± 17.1
|
49.1 ± 17.7
|
39.2 ± 22.9
|
52.9 ± 17.5
|
55.1 ± 19.1
|
43.8 ± 20.3
|
|
Regional /rural
|
54.9 ± 16.7
|
54.7 ± 15.0
|
46.3 ± 22.9
|
57.9 ± 17.4
|
58.6 ± 17.0
|
51.4 ± 18.6
|
|
P
|
0.118
|
0.119
|
0.177
|
0.214
|
0.382
|
0.081
|
|
Level of income/medical expenses coverage
|
|
Fee paying
|
60.7 ± 19.7
|
58.9 ± 19.8
|
50.9 ± 25.7
|
64.3 ± 17.9
|
65.7 ± 19.3
|
56.8 ± 24.2
|
|
Covered by government
|
50.1 ± 14.6
|
50.8 ± 13.2
|
41.7 ± 21.3
|
53.3 ± 16.2
|
54.2 ± 15.6
|
46.2 ± 15.8
|
|
P
|
0.003*
|
0.018*
|
0.061
|
0.003*
|
0.002*
|
0.010*
|
|
Smoking
|
|
Yes
|
52.3 ± 15.4
|
52.4 ± 14.9
|
43.4 ± 22.2
|
56.4 ± 15.6
|
56.6 ± 16.6
|
47.9 ± 17.8
|
|
No
|
57.5 ± 22.3
|
56.8 ± 19.5
|
49.0 ± 26.3
|
57.5 ± 24.1
|
62.0 ± 21.0
|
55.6 ± 24.0
|
|
P
|
0.229
|
0.266
|
0.333
|
0.806
|
0.222
|
0.109
|
- t test (for two groups comparison) and one-way ANOVA (for three and above group comparison) were employed, *Significant at p value less than 0.05
