Table 1 Patient characteristics by English proficiency, n (%) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables
From: Examination of social determinants of health among patients with limited English proficiency
| All (n = 92,958) | English proficient (n = 83,445) | Limited English proficiency | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 9513)a | Spanish (n = 4425)b | |||
| Age, years | 65.2 (18.3) | 64.8 (18.3) | 69.0 (17.2) | 63.8 (18.9) |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 49,211 (52.9%) | 43,767 (52.5%) | 5444 (57.2%) | 2544 (57.5%) |
| Male | 43,747 (47.1%) | 39,678 (47.6%) | 4069 (42.8%) | 1881 (42.5%) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 50,692 (54.5%) | 48,917 (58.6%) | 1775 (18.7%) | 122 (2.8%) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 15,130 (16.3%) | 14,753 (17.7%) | 377 (4.0%) | 14 (0.3%) |
| Hispanic | 11,156 (12.0%) | 7274 (8.7%) | 3882 (40.8%) | 3838 (86.7%) |
| Asian | 6327 (6.8%) | 4428 (5.3%) | 1899 (20.0%) | 6 (0.1%) |
| Native American/Alaskan | 477 (0.5%) | 368 (0,.4%) | 109 (1.2%) | 2 (0.05%) |
| Other/multiracial | 6494 (7.0%) | 5392 (6.5%) | 1102 (11.6%) | 355 (8.0%) |
| Unknown/decline | 2682 (2.9%) | 2313 (2.8%) | 369 (3.9%) | 88 (2.0%) |
| Health insurance | ||||
| Commercial | 29,065 (31.3%) | 27,533 (33.0%) | 1532 (16.1%) | 931 (21.0%) |
| Medicare | 36,176 (38.9%) | 32,194 (38.6%) | 3982 (41.9%) | 1649 (37.3%) |
| Medicaid | 11,215 (12.1%) | 8665 (10.4%) | 2550 (26.8%) | 1334 (30.2%) |
| Self-pay | 735 (0.8%) | 588 (0.7%) | 147 (1.6%) | 112 (2.5%) |
| Unknown | 15,767 (17.0%) | 14,465 (17.3%) | 1302 (13.7%) | 399 (9.0%) |
| Patient-reported social needs | ||||
| Material need | 459/92,842 (0.5%) | 391/83,348 (0.5%) | 68/9494 (0.7%) | 49/4417 (1.1%) |
| Employment | 623/92,781 (0.7%) | 528/83,291 (0.6%) | 95/9490 (1.0%) | 88/4414 (2.0%) |
| Medical legal assistance | 390/92,764 (0.4%) | 325/83,281 (0.4%) | 65/9483 (0.7%) | 53/4414 (1.2%) |
| Health insurance | 1587/91,188 (1.7%) | 1262/83,285 (1.5%) | 325/9490 (3.4%) | 246/4417 (5.6%) |
| Public benefit | 1630/92,806 (1.8%) | 1391/83,312 (1.7%) | 239/9494 (2.5%) | 169/4416 (3.8%) |
| Health literacy | 1122/92,769 (1.2%) | 765/83,284 (0.9%) | 357/9485 (3.8%) | 220/4415 (5.0%) |
| Public transportation | 1382/92,782 (1.5%) | 1225/83,291 (1.5%) | 157/9491 (1.7%) | 110/4413 (2.5%) |
| Medical care | 788/92,784 (0.9%) | 687/83,292 (0.8%) | 101/9492 (1.1%) | 80/4415 (1.8%) |
| Utility bill | 1939/92,797 (2.1%) | 1709/83,304 (2.1%) | 230/9493 (2.4%) | 182/4416 (4.1%) |
| Poor housing quality | 628/92,872 (0.7%) | 588/83,370 (0.7%) | 40/9502 (0.4%) | 30/4420 (0.7%) |
| Food insecurity | 1018/92,850 (1.1%) | 879/83,354 (1.1%) | 139/9496 (1.5%) | 114/4417 (2.6%) |
| Housing insecurity | 1205/92,902 (1.3%) | 1080/83,395 (1.3%) | 125/9507 (1.3%) | 100/4423 (2.3%) |